• br Introduction Increased renin angiotensin system

  2024-09-28

  

  Introduction Increased renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity and inflammation in cardiovascular-related regions of the central nervous system contribute to the overactivity of neurohumoral systems that promote volume retention, cardiac remodeling and serious cardiac arrhythmias in systolic hear

• Intracellular Signaling Cascades From ligand sensitization t

  2024-09-28

  

  Intracellular Signaling Cascades. From ligand sensitization to translation of genes, all cellular processes are dependent on the intracellular levels and activity of partners involved in the signaling pathway. These signaling events lead to critical post-translational modifications including phospho

• br Funding This study was supported by a

  2024-09-28

  

  Funding This study was supported by a grant from the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou (No. 2014Y2-00181) and the personnel training program of Southern Medical University (No. PY2015N023). Conflict of interest statement Authors’contributions Introduction Chronic cerebral hypo

• Fomepizole Microbe derived ligands can also activate AHR

  2024-09-28

  

  Microbe-derived ligands can also activate AHR. Malassezia, a commensal yeast in human skin, can metabolize tryptophan into several AHR activating compounds including FICZ and ICZ [59]. Lactobacillus converts tryptophan into indole-3-aldehyde (IAld), which can activate AHR and promote IL-22 productio

• In vivo CA mediate hypoxic nutritional and neurologic stress

  2024-09-28

  

  In vivo CA mediate hypoxic, nutritional, and neurologic stress responses. Stimulation of ADRα2A by these hormones to reduce β-cell metabolism has an obvious role in suppressing insulin secretion (Arun, 2004). Since β-cell metabolism and insulin secretion are linked, mechanisms that inhibit metabolis

• The gene SRD A encodes the reductase

  2024-09-27

  

  The gene SRD5A2 encodes the 5-α-reductase enzyme, which converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone. Although dihydrotestosterone levels are considerably lower than testosterone, dihydrotestosterone has a five-fold stronger binding capacity to the androgen receptor and, thereby, a considerably mo

• The identification of novel kinase inhibitor

  2024-09-27

  

  The identification of novel kinase inhibitor scaffolds is highly desirable in order to develop selective kinase inhibitors. Small-molecule inhibitors of Interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (Itk) that are based on the 3-aminopyridin-2-one fragment 1 have been reported. Despite derivatisation of 1 y

• br Interaction between ASK and TRX Thioredoxins are

  2024-09-27

  

  Interaction between ASK1 and TRX Thioredoxins are small (∼12kDa) dithiol oxidoreductases ubiquitously expressed in species ranging from plants to archaea and mammals. They perform various biological functions, such as reducing protein disulfide bonds, supplying reducing equivalents to redox Gefi

• Atherosclerosis is a chronic lipid metabolism disorder

  2024-09-27

  

  Atherosclerosis is a chronic lipid metabolism disorder linked with lipid accumulation within the arterial wall and subsequent formation of foam cells and vascular disease [96], [97]. The level of apelin is decreased in human atherosclerotic coronary arteries [4], and coronary collateral formation in

• Once apoptosis has been initiated the HMGA

  2024-09-27

  

  Once apoptosis has been initiated the HMGA proteins themselves undergo marked changes in both the types and extent of their post-translational modifications (PTMs; review in [149,175]), some of which are likely correlated with alterations in chromatin structure. For example, the early stages of apop

• Although sex hormones activational effects are known

  2024-09-27

  

  Although sex hormones (activational effects) are known to directly interact with RAS (Baiardi et al., 2005, Miller et al., 1999, Silbiger and Neugarten, 1995), the potential contribution of organizational hormonal and SCC effects on physiological sex-based difference in the regulation of the RAS rem

• br cDNA cloning gene structure and chromosomal

  2024-09-26

  

  cDNA cloning, gene structure and chromosomal localization The cDNA for the leukocyte-type 12S-lipoxygenase was first cloned from porcine leukocytes [9], and later from mouse [10], [11], rat [12], [13], bovine [14] and rabbit [15] sources. The cDNA for the platelet-type 12S-lipoxygenase cDNA has b

• br ABCA mRNA expression is elevated

  2024-09-26

  

  ABCA2 mRNA expression is elevated in Niemann-Pick type C and familial hypercholesterolemia fibroblasts Niemann-Pick Type C disease is a neurological disorder of adolescents due to autosomal-recessive mutations in either one or both Niemann-Pick-2 (NPC2) and NPC1 genes, which, like ABCA2, are loca

• A correlation analysis was performed to investigate

  2024-09-26

  

  A correlation analysis was performed to investigate a possible relationship between serum resistin levels and MG-ADL. We observed a significant relationship between serum resistin levels and MG-ADL scores in AChR-GMG-positive cases (r=0.285, p=0.032; Fig. 1C). There were also significant correlation

• br Acknowledgments We thank the anonymous reviewers for thei

  2024-09-26

  

  Acknowledgments We thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on the manuscript, and also thank Dr. Hans-U. Dahms for his comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by a grant from the National Research Foundation (2009-0071218) funded to Young-Mi Lee. This work was al

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